![]() Severe floods have become a recurrent disaster in northwestern Amazonia and along the Amazon River and some of its tributaries from 2009 onward ( 9– 11). However, despite recent research emphasis on droughts, an even more prominent feature of change in Amazon hydrology is the recent occurrence of severe floods ( 2– 4). In particular, strong and extensive droughts in central and southern Amazonia in 2005, 2010, and 2015 have raised concerns that drying trends expected as a consequence of deforestation ( 5, 6) or projections by some climate models under scenarios of climate change may have begun to be realized ( 4, 7, 8). ![]() ![]() There is mounting evidence that the hydrological cycle of the basin has intensified since the late 1990s, with more frequent hydrological extremes causing major human suffering and disturbance to the rainforest ecosystems ( 1– 4). Changes in the water cycle in this region both affect and respond to the global Hadley and Walker circulations and also have major impacts on the global carbon cycle through variations in the carbon balance of the rainforests ( 1). ![]() The Amazon basin and its extensive tropical rainforests sustain one of the major centers of deep atmospheric convection and heavy rainfall on the planet.
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